The US Federal Reserve (Fed) is set to “vaccinate” the US economy against a slowdown with the first interest rate cut in a decade, but the decision has been made more difficult by unrelenting political pressure.

President Donald Trump has constantly berated the Fed and its chairman, Jerome Powell, for failing to provide additional juice to the economy, which he has promised will grow by three per cent and more each year.

“The EU and China will further lower interest rates and pump money into their systems, making it much easier for their manufacturers to sell product,” Trump tweeted on Monday.

“In the meantime, and with very low inflation, our Fed does nothing – and probably will do very little by comparison. Too bad!”

The central bank’s challenge is to tune out politics ahead of Wednesday’s announcement, and base the direction of monetary policy on the economic data.

Justification to cut rates

Powell and other Fed officials have said repeatedly they expect the US economy to continue to grow and for inflation to eventually pick up, which makes the course correction now a bit unusual.

Unemployment, one of the two metrics the Fed is required by law to focus on, is at the lowest in nearly 50 years.

A strong jobs market would normally cause wages to rise, fuelling inflation, the second key metric for the Fed.

However, inflation has been largely absent, hovering below – sometimes well below – the two per cent target.

And Trump’s aggressive trade tactics have brought business investment to a screeching halt, at a time when major economies like China are slowing, and Brexit is weighing on Britain and the EU.

That gives the Fed space and justification to inoculate the US economy. Traders see a rate cut as a certainty, with less than a quarter still betting on a 50 basis point cut – something usually reserved for a dire situation.

December hike

Many economists say another cut is likely this year, and as many as three by early next year.

The Fed raised the key lending rate nine times from December 2015 to December last year, including four times last year, as the US economy picked up steam.

Officials wanted to raise the policy rate to a more normal level, so it would have ammunition available to help stimulate a recovery with rate cuts.

The December hike was somewhat controversial given indications the trade wars were starting to impact the economy, and amid sharp declines in stock prices.

However, in the face of Trump’s vocal attacks, the Fed may have wanted to show it could ignore the political pressure.

Now the Fed is caught in a dilemma of doing what Trump wants while convincing observers it is the right thing to do.

Undercutting Fed credibility

The problem with a central bank doing the bidding of politicians is markets no longer believe monetary policymakers will act as needed – even if unpopular – when prices start to rise.

Once that inflation-fighting credibility is lost, it takes years to recover, as the US saw in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and many countries have seen since.

That means the Fed would have to hike rates much more aggressively to clamp down on price increases, which would be likely to harm businesses and slow the economy.

Boosting the economy

The federal funds rate is the interest banks charge each other for very short-term loans, and sets the base for all other types of lending such as mortgages and credit cards.

Lowering borrowing rates makes it easier for businesses to get loans to invest in new projects, and for consumers to buy homes, cars and other items, which creates demand that keeps the economy humming.

US demand also helps support the global economy, through solid imports.

Powell’s predecessor, Janet Yellen, said over the weekend that she favours a cut now given low inflation and a weakening global economy.

The Fed’s tools

The Fed has limited weapons in its arsenal and has been struggling lately with a key one – communication.

Powell and other officials have stumbled recently with confusing and contradictory statements amid the changing economic environment.

Markets will be listening closely to Powell at the press conference on Wednesday to see what signals he sends about future moves.

Wall Street finished mostly lower on Monday, although investors also were looking at a full load of key corporate earnings reports.